Three years after his return a terrible famine killed 1

It should be with at the outset to clarify that social entrepreneurship and social economy do not overlap. The social economy sector is essentially defined by the legal status of its actors (associations, cooperatives, mutual societies and Foundation) and by a few key features that are summarized by Charles Gide (at the time more famous than his nephew) and three major principles: the not-for-profit, the freedom of membership and democracy (a man, one vote).

As reminds us it advises (1), the economic situation as a social news provide social entrepreneurship development field who has never been more important. The term appears in France early 1990s and is an oxymoron, even though it partially covers ancient practices. It is in itself an innovation. It emerges in the wake of the concept "social entrepreneurship", which appeared in the United States in the 1980s under the leadership of Bill Drayton, former consultant McKinsey "made fortune", creates Ashoka, non-governmental organization for the support, first India and then in the United States and around the world, social entrepreneurs.

Social Enterprise: a vision, mission, principles of action and objectives

The work of a social entrepreneur is to identify a deadlock in society and find pathways and new approaches for jump. The social entrepreneur identifies what does not work, seeks to solve the problem by changing the system by the diffusion of the solution and by persuading the society as a whole to take an attitude, a radically different behaviour. The idea is that, beyond the posture is that it is better to learn to fish to someone seeking to feed rather than give a fish, the social entrepreneur stop when it will be changed in depth, or revolutionized, the fisheries as a whole. It therefore carries a vision of society that it will seek to share (2).

Professor has done his job when he expressed an idea into intelligible terms, professional won when he met the need for a client, the manager have succeeded when the organization he has developed and led is effective: the social entrepreneur has fulfilled its mission when it was defined and expressed an idea that has met the immediate need to his "client".developed an effective organization and obtained a change deep and long term of the company. This mission is based on principles of action in the service of operational objectives which depend on the country and the sector of intervention, the nature of the need, the profile of the benefits of the service or product or who makes it or the factory.

Thus, for example, in 1971, Muhammad Yunus (3), the birth of Bangladesh from Pakistan, decides to return to his country after a doctorate in the United States, and obtained a position of head of the Department of Economics at the University of Chittagong, the second city of the new independent State. Three years after his return, a terrible famine killed 1.5 million people. This event will change his life: "people died of hunger in the streets, and me I continued teaching elegant economic theories without any decision-making with reality." I began to understand that it was very arrogant to claim to have answers in a classroom, and I began to study the field. "It goes to the village of Jobra, right next to the University and began to discuss with its inhabitants. Quickly, he becomes aware that many women are victims of a vicious circle which they cannot escape. Unable to apply to traditional banks (because deemed insolvent), they are forced to borrow 60 thakas (1) from a loan shark to buy some products in the morning, to recover 80 of sale on the market and in the evening in 70 repay. It is therefore the cost of capital, so tiny, that prevents many women out. He decided then, from his pocket, to 42 women among the poorest of Jobra 850 thakas (24 euro). These microloans enough them, for example, acquire a hen and generate a daily income from the sale of eggs every day: "the objective was to return in a business cycle and to initiate a change of mentality." The experience is a success, but does not yet meet its growing ambition.

After, in vain, made many efforts to convince local banks to apply his method, he decides to mount its own structure and duplicates the model. The Grameen Bank, the word "village" in bengali, was born in 1978 and quickly extends for 20, 40, 100 villages in the district.

A quarter of a century later, the results are inspiring: the Bank is present in 43,000 villages in Bangladesh, has already lent EUR 4 billion to 11 million customers, of whom 94 are women (more safe and responsible than men). The reimbursement rates are higher than those of traditional banks (in the order of 97) with an organization in solidarity groups of five persons, each of the debtors being responsible for the commitments of the group the Grameen. The model is applied now in over 45 countries around the world, affecting 60 million people, including 27 million poorest (whose income is less than 1 dollar per day). Through microcredit, 3 borrowers on 4 out of a situation of poverty, and this definitely.

Thus, the vision of Yunus is a world without poverty, cause for which he will work tirelessly. Its mission is to provide access to funding to those who are excluded, and its guiding principles are trust, individual and collective responsibility support to recipients to enable them to meet their commitments. The French reply of this initiative is led by Adie (Association for the right to economic initiative), under the leadership of Maria Nowak, since 1989. It is a source of innovation for the company as a whole, so that attests not established social cohesion Fund Act Borloo, with 12 million euros in 2006, and EUR 19 million by

year to 2009, managed by the Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations, and whose mission is to foster professional microcredit, social microcredit by the establishment of a network of accompanying supporting projects and a risk sharing with banks and associations by a 50 loan guarantee. Today, Adie is addressed to all the unemployed persons or beneficiaries of the RMI, 300 employees assisted by 1,000 volunteers over 380 hotlines, argues businesses 13,500, funded 30,000 businesses generating the creation of 40,000 jobs. Sustainability of funded firms is the same as the average national (64 after two years) and 54 after three years. Adie evaluates the potential demand in micro-credit in France to 300,000 loans per year.

The social entrepreneur is not in the public sector, even if the support of its activity responds to concerns of general interest, nor to the market economy, since the profit is not his main motivation and that he is an agent of change and social progress. The project aims to reconcile private, social utility, economic viability and solidarity, in the market sector but also in the sector non-merchant.

This vision-mission-principles of action and objectives can provide a framework to the non-profit private sector for effective corporate social responsibility policy, relevant and not limited to effects of communication.

Social Enterprise: a private initiative in the service of the collective interest, whose social purpose is superior to the economic purpose and which places innovation at the heart of its action

A social enterprise is social because of its legal status, its organization and its mode of management (SCOP, CICS, micro), its sector of activity and the nature of the service rendered or the completed product (in-home service, service to the community, environment, fair trade, socially responsible investment and "venture philanthropy"), characteristics of its employees (adapted enterprises receiving workers with disabilities cannot work in the ordinary environment)(business integration, business trade fair, intermediate companies governed district) or of the beneficiaries of its activities (institutions).

The definitions are different (see box), but all are based on a profile of contractor having the six following characteristics, which can be found also in the North American literature (4).

Social entrepreneurs put their entrepreneurial spirit and willingness to innovate at the service of societal needs and contribute to social progress. Innovation can be radical, that is to be a break producing significant effects within a period of time relatively brief, or incremental, that is, it will be a progressive edge of reality. The legislative and regulatory context plays a key role accelerator or self timer.

Entrepreneurs is therefore more to address the causes symptoms or consequences. The desired change is deep, systemic and is part of the period on a specified territory, with a research of effect of leverage and impact on public policy. The Grameen Bank, presented above, is the archetype of the example in the market sector. Economic logic is implemented as a means and not as an end. A contractor will seek to maximize its benefit is where the social entrepreneur will seek to generate resources to maximize social value created, the social impact of its action. In the non-market sector, the example of Uniscité, who, on the American Cityyear model, developed the principle of the volunteer in France, demonstrates this approach: voluntary service, now taken over by the President of the Republic as one of the tools to contribute to a harmonious development of urban areas, but also to rural depopulation developing areas, is a great tool to promote the commitment and social diversityin a professional support for missions diversified, guarantee essential quality. It is a way for young people who are different from each other, and that will remain, to meet, Exchange, of is understanding and thus to live in harmony, each remaining what it is and not disavowing his origins or his identity. Together, they realize useful and necessary projects for the community which have not been otherwise. There is therefore a clear social progress a few entrepreneurs initiative taken by the public authorities and which will succeed in three conditions: increase the capacity, maintain quality by mobilizing the necessary financial resources and finally to reaffirm the brewing and commitment (5) dimensions.

They give themselves to contribute in a sustainable manner to the creation of "social value". In the non-market sector, the programme "A high school: why not me", conceived and developed by the Chair in social entrepreneurship from the ESSEC business school since 2002, illustrates this action necessary in the long term. This program is designed to accompany three years of high school students enrolled in implanted schools in difficult, modest home sector and predisposing to long studies, with potential and with a strong motivation to learn, to enable them to go further in the way that is their own, without however providing competition reserved or specificwhich would be to treat the consequence and not the cause. It is based on the idea of a double tutoring by a teacher of the school of origin and a student volunteer and volunteer from Essec. It is to demystify the world of higher education, and schools in particular, enhance the effort and school work, correct the often negative image that may have the young people in the company. Several private companies and support this (Fondation Veolia Environnement, Redcats, SFR) program. A circular guarantee half of public funding on committed budgets, and this approach has been integrated in the devices of educational success, spearheaded by the policy of the city today. A variation of this program, resumed and developed by the Conference of the grandes écoles (6), is being implemented in 25 schools which the X, Supelec, EM Lyon or even the ESCP-EAP. The effects of this action is actually will felt that in five to ten years.

With the market sector, it is important at this stage to specify that the principle of

year to 2009, managed by the Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations, and whose mission is to foster professional microcredit, social microcredit by the establishment of a network of accompanying supporting projects and a risk sharing with banks and associations by a 50 loan guarantee. Today, Adie is addressed to all the unemployed persons or beneficiaries of the RMI, 300 employees assisted by 1,000 volunteers over 380 hotlines, argues businesses 13,500, funded 30,000 businesses generating the creation of 40,000 jobs. Sustainability of funded firms is the same as the average national (64 after two years) and 54 after three years. Adie evaluates the potential demand in micro-credit in France to 300,000 loans per year.

The social entrepreneur is not in the public sector, even if the support of its activity responds to concerns of general interest, nor to the market economy, since the profit is not his main motivation and that he is an agent of change and social progress. The project aims to reconcile private, social utility, economic viability and solidarity, in the market sector but also in the sector non-merchant.

This vision-mission-principles of action and objectives can provide a framework to the non-profit private sector for effective corporate social responsibility policy, relevant and not limited to effects of communication.

Social Enterprise: a private initiative in the service of the collective interest, whose social purpose is superior to the economic purpose and which places innovation at the heart of its action

A social enterprise is social because of its legal status, its organization and its mode of management (SCOP, CICS, micro), its sector of activity and the nature of the service rendered or the completed product (in-home service, service to the community, environment, fair trade, socially responsible investment and "venture philanthropy"), characteristics of its employees (adapted enterprises receiving workers with disabilities cannot work in the ordinary environment)(business integration, business trade fair, intermediate companies governed district) or of the beneficiaries of its activities (institutions).

The definitions are different (see box), but all are based on a profile of contractor having the six following characteristics, which can be found also in the North American literature (4).

Social entrepreneurs put their entrepreneurial spirit and willingness to innovate at the service of societal needs and contribute to social progress. Innovation can be radical, that is to be a break producing significant effects within a period of time relatively brief, or incremental, that is, it will be a progressive edge of reality. The legislative and regulatory context plays a key role accelerator or self timer.

Entrepreneurs is therefore more to address the causes symptoms or consequences. The desired change is deep, systemic and is part of the period on a specified territory, with a research of effect of leverage and impact on public policy. The Grameen Bank, presented above, is the archetype of the example in the market sector. Economic logic is implemented as a means and not as an end. A contractor will seek to maximize its benefit is where the social entrepreneur will seek to generate resources to maximize social value created, the social impact of its action. In the non-market sector, the example of Uniscité, who, on the American Cityyear model, developed the principle of the volunteer in France, demonstrates this approach: voluntary service, now taken over by the President of the Republic as one of the tools to contribute to a harmonious development of urban areas, but also to rural depopulation developing areas, is a great tool to promote the commitment and social diversityin a professional support for missions diversified, guarantee essential quality. It is a way for young people who are different from each other, and that will remain, to meet, Exchange, of is understanding and thus to live in harmony, each remaining what it is and not disavowing his origins or his identity. Together, they realize useful and necessary projects for the community which have not been otherwise. There is therefore a clear social progress a few entrepreneurs initiative taken by the public authorities and which will succeed in three conditions: increase the capacity, maintain quality by mobilizing the necessary financial resources and finally to reaffirm the brewing and commitment (5) dimensions.

They give themselves to contribute in a sustainable manner to the creation of "social value". In the non-market sector, the programme "A high school: why not me", conceived and developed by the Chair in social entrepreneurship from the ESSEC business school since 2002, illustrates this action necessary in the long term. This program is designed to accompany three years of high school students enrolled in implanted schools in difficult, modest home sector and predisposing to long studies, with potential and with a strong motivation to learn, to enable them to go further in the way that is their own, without however providing competition reserved or specificwhich would be to treat the consequence and not the cause. It is based on the idea of a double tutoring by a teacher of the school of origin and a student volunteer and volunteer from Essec. It is to demystify the world of higher education, and schools in particular, enhance the effort and school work, correct the often negative image that may have the young people in the company. Several private companies and support this (Fondation Veolia Environnement, Redcats, SFR) program. A circular guarantee half of public funding on committed budgets, and this approach has been integrated in the devices of educational success, spearheaded by the policy of the city today. A variation of this program, resumed and developed by the Conference of the grandes écoles (6), is being implemented in 25 schools which the X, Supelec, EM Lyon or even the ESCP-EAP. The effects of this action is actually will felt that in five to ten years.

With the market sector, it is important at this stage to specify that the principle of